Simple multiple reference frame for high-order solution of hovering rotors with and without ground effect

In the present work, aerodynamic performance of Caradonna and Tung S-76 in hover were investigated using a simplified concept multiple reference frame (MRF) technique context high-order Monotone Upstream Centred Scheme for Conservation Laws (MUSCL) cell-centred finite volume method. methodology, is defined at solver level by simple user input avoiding use mesh interface to handle intersections between frames reference. The calculations made both out-of-ground-effect (OGE) in-ground-effect (IGE) cases compared with experimental data terms pressure distribution, tip-vortex trajectory, vorticity contours integrated thrust torque. predictions obtained several ground distances collective pitch angle tip Mach number 0.6 0.892.