Paradigms, Paradoxes, and Controversies on Keratoconus and Corneal Ectatic Diseases

Global consensus on keratoconus and ectatic diseases.

BACKGROUND Despite extensive knowledge regarding the diagnosis and management of keratoconus and ectatic corneal diseases, many controversies still exist. For that reason, there is a need for current guidelines for the diagnosis and management of these conditions. PURPOSE This project aimed to reach consensus of ophthalmology experts from around the world regarding keratoconus and ectatic dis...

Scheimpflug imaging for keratoconus and ectatic disease

Scheimpflug cross-sectioning anterior segment imaging offers significant advantages over traditional placido based curvature analysis and ultrasound pachymetry. The accurate measurement of both the anterior and posterior corneal surfaces and the anterior and posterior lens allows for the creation of a three-dimensional reconstruction of the anterior segment. Changes on both the posterior cornea...

Corneal Biomechanics in Ectatic Diseases: Refractive Surgery Implications

BACKGROUND Ectasia development occurs due to a chronic corneal biomechanical decompensation or weakness, resulting in stromal thinning and corneal protrusion. This leads to corneal steepening, increase in astigmatism, and irregularity. In corneal refractive surgery, the detection of mild forms of ectasia pre-operatively is essential to avoid post-operative progressive ectasia, which also depend...

Reengineering Engineering-Education: Paradigms and Paradoxes

Poly(ADP-ribose): PARadigms and PARadoxes.

Poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation (PARylation) is a posttranslational protein modification (PTM) catalyzed by members of the poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) enzyme family. PARPs use NAD(+) as substrate and upon cleaving off nicotinamide they transfer the ADP-ribosyl moiety covalently to suitable acceptor proteins and elongate the chain by adding further ADP-ribose units to create a branched polymer, te...