Leading Virtually

The growth in virtual work is reshaping how leaders interface with their followers: Face-to-face interactions are increasingly being supplanted by exchanges. To advance understanding of the implications leading this changing environment, we apply functional leadership theory to synthesize findings research that has been conducted across different perspectives and levels analysis. We identify four traditional functions empirical suggests have a stronger effect on follower need satisfaction settings highlight new function—facilitate use technology—as particularly germane leadership. Our review reveals several promising future directions, including examine effects along full spectrum virtuality consider unique challenges may encounter hybrid environments. also outline important practical for organizations, leaders, followers.