Interaction of Factors Influencing the Sustainability of Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene (WASH) Services in Rural Indonesia: Evidence from Small Surveys of WASH-Related Stakeholders in Indonesia

It is argued that there are interconnected and dynamic factors influence the sustainability of water, sanitation, hygiene (WASH) services in developing countries. Five often mentioned by literature: financial, institutional, environmental, technical, social (FIETS) factors. This article aims to understand interaction those five context WASH Indonesia. A system approach, form a “modified” causal loop diagram, was utilized analyze this interaction. The strength from one factor others were obtained small surveys 16 practitioners experts international national non-governmental organizations (NGOs) based Indonesia government institutions related WASH. found institutional “leverage” factor, i.e., most influential least dependent, means strengthening necessary sustain Furthermore, important feedback social–WASH services. depicts importance bi-directional effect conditions community, more supportive community is, higher likelihood services, then positively back community. Moreover, relationship between varies across or location. Finally, paper shows involves complex interactions understanding these critical sustaining program rural