Im Hwa Before and After Japan

Fight against tobacco in Japan, before and after FCTC

Background In 1965 smoking rate of male in Japan was 82.3% and that of female was 15.7%. In 2005 when the FCTC was enacted, smoking rate of male was 39.3% and that of female was 11.3%. In 2013 smoking rate of male is 32.2% and that of female is 10.5%. It seems that several measures against smoking for the FCTC accelerate to reduce the smoking rates. To find effective measures for decrease smoki...

Before After Before After

Comparing Quality of Life Before and After Surgery in Patients with Cushing Disease: A Before-After Study

Comparing the Pattern of Primary Dysmenorrhea Before and After Childbirth

Background & aim: Dysmenorrhea also known as menstrual cramp or painful period is one of the most prevalent health issues among women. There are contradictory evidence regarding the impact of childbirth on the occurrence of dysmenorrhea. Also, only pain severity has been examined, as one of the clinical features of dysmenorrea in most related literature and the other characteristics of pain inc...

Microbial Evaluation of Turkish Herbal Teas Before and After Infusion

Background: Herbal teas are produced and sold in packaged or unpackaged forms all over the world. The aim of this study was microbial evaluation of Turkish herbal teas before and after infusion in boiled water. Methods: A total of 20 packaged and unpackaged samples of Turkish herbal teas, including chamomile, salvia, green, mix, apple, mate, ginger, linden, fennel, and senna tea were collected...