Developmental toxicity of Clerodendrum cyrtophyllum turcz ethanol extract in zebrafish embryo

Clerodendrum cyrtophyllum Turcz has been used in traditional medicine for the treatment of various diseases. In spite its therapeutic applications, research on toxicity and teratogenicity is still limited. The study aimed to investigate developmental ethanol extract C. (EE) zebrafish embryo model. Major compounds from crude Clerodendron leaves were determined using HPLC-DAD-Orbitrap-MS analysis. EE investigated Zebrafish embryos at 6 h post-fertilization (hpf) treated with different concentrations. Egg coagulation, mortality, hatching, yolk sac edema, pericardial edema recorded each day during a 5-day exposure. At time point 120 hpf, body length, area, heartbeat area assessed. order elucidate molecular mechanisms EE, we further evaluated effects expression genes involved signaling pathways affecting fish embryo’s development such as heart (gata5, myl7, myh6, has2, hand2, nkx 2.5), oxidative stress (cat, sod1, gpx4, gstp2), wnt pathway (?-catenin, wnt3a, wnt5, wnt8a, wnt11), or cell apoptosis (p53, bax, bcl2, casp3, casp8, casp9, apaf-1, gadd45bb) qRT-PCR Our results demonstrated that three major components including acteoside, cirsilineol cirsilineol-4'-O-?-D-glucopyranoside identified EE. exposure 6–96 doses ranging 80 200 ?g/mL increased mortality reduced hatching rate. 20 40 until 72–120 hpf induced series malformations, spine deformation, shorter length. Based two prediction models teratogenic index (TI), 25% lethality concentration (LD25) no observed-adverse-effect level (NOAEL), considered TI (LC50/EC50) LD25/NOAEC values 96 reaching 3.87 15.73 respectively. mRNA levels p53, bax/bcl2, gstp2, nkx2.5, wnt11, gadd45bb gata5 significantly upregulated by while hand2 bcl2 downregulated. These provide evidence stages an insight into potential embryonic development.