Designing a Test for Nail Safety Evaluation to Select Nail-friendly Permeation Enhancers

Evaluation of nail abnormalities.

Knowledge of the anatomy and function of the nail apparatus is essential when performing the physical examination. Inspection may reveal localized nail abnormalities that should be treated, or may provide clues to an underlying systemic disease that requires further workup. Excessive keratinaceous material under the nail bed in a distal and lateral distribution should prompt an evaluation for o...

Nail and Nail Disorders

The nail unit is a dynamic complex which forms an important part of the integument. This complex consists of the nail matrix (NM), nail bed (NB), hyponychium, nail fold (NF) and the nail plate (NP). Cells of the nail matrix, under the protection of the proximal nail fold mature and keratinised to form the NP. The NM contributes to the most portion of the NP while about 10-15% is produced by the...

A New Surgical Technique in Treatment of Nail Onycogryphosis

Safety and Efficacy of Nail Products

Over the past several decades, the commercialization of nail cosmetics has increased. From nail polishes to artificial nails, different methods of nail beautification have become popularized. However, the impact of these products remains largely unknown. Governments have passed legislation in attempts to regulate nail cosmetics, but these regulations may not be adequate and are difficult to enf...

Subtrochanteric fractures: Zickel nail or nail-plate?

Of 135 consecutive patients admitted with subtrochanteric fractures of the femur, 104 were studied; half had internal fixation with a Zickel nail and half had a nail-plate device. Fractures treated with a Zickel nail had significantly less blood loss during operation and took less time to walk with full weight-bearing, but the incidence of technical error at operation was higher. Errors include...